lying, 'The Truth About Lying: How to Spot a Lie and Protect Yourself from Deception', by Stan B Walters

according to this book, lying is actually a burden to those who commit it. the person is burdened with mental process of how to maintain the lies. thus give rise to verbal and non-verbal clues.

among the situation in which we must be aware before assessing people:

• relationship - intimate, personal, social and public
• reaction to environment - mental level and emotional level

look out for 7 keys to detecting deception

• constant - establish a person normal behaviour/ constant before looking other significant behaviour
• change - look for a change
• cluster - no single clue will show that one is lying. look for cluster in verbal, non-verbal cues
• consistency - a consistent reaction to a specific issue
• preconception - observation based on preconception is not reliable. conversation must be with open minded
• contamination - don't contaminate the other person by your conduct
• cross check - cross check the observation before jump to the conclusion

things to look:

• verbal communication
• minority in message broadcast by human
• look for voice quality, voice clarity and speech content
• voice quality - pitch, volume, speech rate
• voice clarity - speech dysfunction (mumbling, pausing, nervous laughter, sigh, unclear thinking)
• speech content
• non-verbal communication
• represents 2/3 of human communication
• head - position, facial, hands on head
• eyes - contact, appearance, tears/ crying, deliberate eye contact, blinking
• arms - shoulders, hands, emblems, illustrator, adapters
• legs - movement, position
• body postures
• response behaviour - look for verbal and non-verbal sign
• acceptance - punishment statement, debt-service statement, blinking, eyes turn skyward, dropping shoulder & roll forward
• bargaining - attempt to disguise reality, soliciting sympathy, religious statement, morals, pitiful look, excessive courtesy
• denial - rejection of reality, memory lapse, denial expression, modifiers, blocking statements, bridging statement/ omission statement, displacement (e.g. everybody is doing that), stalling mechanism (question with question, rephrase question, pause etc)
• anger
• depression

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